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- * Serine/threonine specific protein phosphatases signature *
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-
- Serine/threonine specific protein phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.16) (PP) [1,2,3] are
- enzymes that catalyze the removal of a phosphate group attached to a serine or
- a threonine residue. They are very important in controlling intracellular
- events in eukaryotic cells. In mammalian tissues four different types of PP
- have been identified and are known as PP1, PP2A, PP2B and PP2C. Except for
- PP2C, these enzymes are evolutionary related.
-
- - Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is an enzyme of broad specificity. It is
- inhibited by two thermostable proteins, inhibitor-1 and -2. In mammals,
- there are two closely related isoforms of PP-1: PP-1alpha and PP-1beta,
- produced by alternative splicing of the same gene. In Emericella nidulans,
- PP-1 (gene bimG) plays an important role in mitosis control by reversing
- the action of the nimA kinase. In yeast, PP-1 (gene SIT4) is involved in
- dephosphorylating the large subunit of RNA polymerase II.
- - Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) is also an enzyme of broad specificity. PP2A
- is a trimeric enzyme that consist of a core composed of a catalytic subunit
- associated with a 65 Kd regulatory subunit and a third variable subunit. In
- mammals, there are two closely related isoforms of the catalytic subunit
- of PP2A: PP2A-alpha and PP2A-beta, encoded by separate genes.
- - Protein phosphatase-2B (PP2B or calcineurin), a calcium-dependent enzyme
- whose activity is stimulated by calmodulin. It is composed of two subunits:
- the catalytic A-subunit and the calcium-binding B-subunit. The specificity
- of PP2B is restricted.
-
- In addition to the above-mentioned enzymes, some additional serine/threonine
- specific protein phosphatases have been characterized and are listed below.
-
- - Mammalian phosphatase-X (PP-X), and Drosophila phosphatase-V (PP-V) which
- are closely related but yet distinct from PP2A.
- - Yeast phosphatase PPH3, which is similar to PP2A, but with different
- enzymatic properties.
- - Drosophila phosphatase-Y (PP-Y), and yeast phosphatases Z1 and Z2 (genes
- PPZ1 and PPZ2) which are closely related but yet distinct from PP1.
- - Bacteriophages Lambda and Phi-80 ORF-221 which have been shown to have
- phosphatase activity and are related to mammalian PP's.
-
- The best conserved regions in these proteins is a perfectly conserved
- pentapeptide that can be used as a signature pattern.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVM]-R-G-N-H-E
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: chicken neurofilament M protein.
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Cohen P.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:453-508(1989).
- [ 2] Cohen P., Cohen P.T.W.
- J. Biol. Chem. 264:21435-21438(1989).
- [ 3] Cohen P.T.W., Brewis N.D., Hughes V., Mann D.J.
- FEBS Lett. 268:355-359(1990).
-